The KK Leung Diabetes Centre at the Queen Mary Hospital was established in January 1994. It was the first diabetes centre dedicated to providing comprehensive care and education for diabetic patients in Hong Kong. Working as a team, we strive to provide optimal diabetes care for patients within the Hong Kong West Cluster, and to promote diabetes education for patients with diabetes in Hong Kong, China, and Chinese communities in various parts of the world. In recognition of our efforts and achievement, we have been awarded the "Outstanding Team Award" by the Hospital Authority and also by the Queen Mary Hospital in 1999.

Staff:
Director-
Professor Karen SL LAM
Deputy Director
Dr. Nelson MS WAT
Centre Co-ordinator
Ms Elaine LY. LEUNG (Diabetes nurse specialist)
Diabetologists/clinicians -
Dr. Kathryn CB TAN
Dr. WS CHOW
Dr. Andrew YY HO
Dr. Sidney CF TAM
Dr. Annette WK TSO
Dr. KK LEE
Diabetes Nurses-
Ms Grace SC. LEUNG
Ms Pui Ming TSE
Ms Siu Chun HUNG
Ms Mei Chun LEE
Ms Marina SM. CHEUNG
Ms Karen KC. WONG
Ms Siu Kuen LEUNG
Podiatris
Mr Michael YAM
Dietician
Ms Kit Yu LI
Clerical staff
Ms Shelly Y. S. POON
Mr Ying Wai CHENG

The following provides a summary of the scope of service provided by the Diabetes Centre since its inauguration.

A) Patient Management within Queen Mary Hospital

Optimising the management of diabetic patients within Queen Mary Hospital

1. Multi-discipline

Multi-disciplinary approach in diabetes service and education

• Since our opening in 1994, with the collaboration of diabetologists, DM nurses, dietitians, podiatrists and ophthalmologists, a series of services have been developed for diabetic patients which include: Diabetes Education Class, Educational & Counseling Service, Complication Screening, Dietetic Counseling, Podiatry Consultation and Ambulatory Dosage Adjustment.
  


• These activities contribute to more than 10,000 patient attendants per year;



• About 5,000 patient attendants per year are referred from specialty clinics and wards of Queen Mary Hospital for ambulatory dosage adjustment so that hospital admission and length of hospital stay due to diabetes are significantly reduced.



• About 4,000 patients per centre receive screening for diabetic complications at the centre;



• More than 1,200 patients and relatives attend comprehensive diabetes educational class at the centre per year;



• To cut down on hospital admission rate, about 250 day admissions to the DM centre are arranged per year for patients with unsatisfactory control who cannot perform home glucose monitoring, so that their day glucose profile can be assessed and a more appropriate treatment regimen recommended.

2. Quality service

To ensure quality service for diabetic patients across different department within Queen Mary Hospital

• Starting from 2000, with the collaboration of the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, we have started a "Diabetes Foot Education Program". This allows diabetic patients with ambulatory problems to receive appropriate education and treatment within a one-day program;



• Combined Gestational Diabetes Clinic, which provides both diabetes and obstetric service in the same session to patients with gestational diabetes or diabetes complicated with pregnancy, has been conducted for more than 10 years. There are about 900 patient-attendants per year.

B) Patient Management within Western Cluster

Optimising the management of diabetic patients within the Western Cluster of Hong Kong Island

1. Shared Care Program

• To enhance the cost-effective use of resources in the Western Cluster, so that maximum health benefits can be provided to the population resident in the Hong Kong West region;



• In collaboration with the GOPC's at Sai Ying Pun, Apleichau, Aberdeen, and the Family Medicine Clinic at Tsun Yuk Hospital;



• Stable and uncomplicated diabetic patients are managed at GOPC or FM clinic following a standard protocol, with annual complication screening and assessment at the Centre, while patients with uncontrolled or complicated diabetes are channeled by reverse referral to the DM Specialist Clinic of Queen Mary Hospital;



• Started in 1997; about 1000 patients have joined the Shared Care Program; about 200 reverse referral to the DM Specialist clinic of Queen Mary Hospital have been made.



• Apart from sharing the care of diabetic patients with GOPC & FM Clinic, we have also started the "GP Shared Care Program" with affiliated GP's in 1998. However, the response from patients have been disappointing because of the large cost differential between the private and public sectors.

2. Establishment of a new Diabetes Specialist Clinic at Tung Wah Hospital

• To enhance networking and clustering of diabetes service within the Hong Kong West Cluster, we have assisted in the establishment of a diabetes specialist clinic at the Tung Wah Hospital;



• Unnecessary cross-hospital referral will be minimized since diabetic patients discharged from TWH or currently being followed up at TWH will stay at TWH for diabetic care;



• For diabetic patients with complicated problems who need intensive hospital care, clinical admission to the Metabolic Ward of Queen Mary Hospital are arranged;



• Training programs and educational center visits were arranged for 80 TWH nurses while 3 nurses underwent intensive clinical attachment which equipped them to take on the role of DM educators in TWH.



• A qualified diabetologist from the QMH DM Centre was responsible for the establishment and running of the DM specialist clinic at TWH;



• Currently, 1,000 diabetic patients are being followed up at the DM clinic of TWH.

3. To promote and consolidate existing Community Nurse Service for the care of diabetic patients in the community

• To ensure seamless care by extending our service to the community, with the view of reducing unnecessary A & E attendance and hospital readmission for diabetes related problems, we have actively participated in the "Diabetes Community Health Care Project" for the Hong Kong South West Cluster in 1999.



• Apart from organizing seminars to update the knowledge of community nurses, we also drew up a set of guidelines for management of diabetic patients in the community.



• A series of 4 diabetes update seminars, which served more than 120 nurse attendants, were arranged in 2000. Two CNS representatives also underwent intensive clinical attachment at the Centre to train them up as diabetes management co-auditors in the community of the Hong Kong West Cluster.

4. Participation in Central and Western District Health Festival

• To arouse public awareness on diabetes, our centre also participate in the annual Central and Western District Health Festival.



• More than 1300 people in this District attend health screening, talks and individual counseling offered by us each year.

C) Training

Training the Trainer programs for Health Professionals

1. Twenty-six public doctors have received training in diabetes at the Centre since 1994

• Apart from the medical officers of the Department of Medicine, the Centre also provides training for doctors from other hospitals in Hong Kong, Macau and other countries.



• Two of these 20 doctors are now consultants and eight are SMO's in HA hospitals. Of these ten diabetologists, six are in charge of diabetes service in their hospitals.

2. Training and support for General Practitioner Affiliates

• Since 1994, 47 GP's of the Western Cluster have been affiliated with the centre.



• We offer support through regular seminars, provision of educational materials and the shared care program.

3. Advanced Program on Diabetes Management for Doctors in China

• This was started in 1997 and completed in 1999.



• A total of 24 doctors (4 persons per group), from different major hospitals of China, completed the program.



• It was organized in collaboration with the Ruijin Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Second Medical University), the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital (Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Science), the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; and Shanghai Huashan Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Medical University).



• It was a six weeks training program which involved small group discussions, tutorials, workshops and visits to related clinics and health services.

4. Diabetes Education & Management Course for nurses

• Jointly organized with the University of Hong Kong;



• Consists of 10 (2.5 hours) lectures and one whole day clinical visit to the DM Centre.



• Starting from 1996, 4 courses have been conducted with a total attendance of about 370 nurses. The next course will be held in early 2002.

5. Intensive clinical attachment program for nurses from China, Macau and other HK hospitals

• 6 nurses from China (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou), 2 from Macau, 2 from TWH (HK) and 3 from Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospitals, underwent intensive clinical attachment program arranged by the Center.



• They spent from a month to nearly a year at the DM Centre to attend a program on the clinical management and education of diabetic patients.



• All are now working as diabetes educators in their own hospitals. The 3 from HK Sanatorium have helped to set up the Diabetes Centre in their hospital.

6. Centre visits and tutorials for local nurses

• In collaboration with the Department of Health, small group visits to the Centre are arranged for DH nurses in recent years (attended by about 50 nurses per year).



• Before the closing of the QMH School of General Nursing in 2001, we provided tutorials to 50 student nurses per year.



• About 300 students from the Department of Nursing Studies of the University of Hong Kong have attended a half-day workshop at the Center.

7. Seminars and workshops arranged locally and in China

• More than 30 seminars and workshops for health professionals are conducted by Centre staff members (diabetologists, nurses, dietician and podiatrist) each year.



• 3 workshops for training nurses in China were conducted in 1998, 1999 and 2001, attended by about 300 nurses.

8. Endocrine Course for nurses

• Conducted in 1998, with a total attendance of 75 nurses form various HA hospitals.

9. Workshops and center visit for medical students

• Conducted in 1998 & 1999, attended by 360 medical students from HKU;



• Aimed at enhancing their understanding of the clinical management of diabetic patients through small group discussion with diabetes nurses, podiatrist and dietitian.

10. Educational service by Centre Dietitian

• Before the availability of dietetic service at GOPC's, we had sent our centre dietitian to SYP, Apleichau and Aberdeen GOPC weekly to provide dietetic counseling to their patients; dietetic update seminars for clinic nurses were also organised.



• In collaboration with SPACE of the University of Hong Kong, 30 dietetic students have attended centre visits and tutorials on diabetes care and education.

11. Educational service by Centre Podiatrist

• Tutorials and small group discussion to about 90 course participants of the Diabetes Education and Management Course for Nurses each year, starting from 1996.

C) Educational Materials

Production of educational materials to facilitate diabetes education

1. Diet book:

• In 1995, we produced a diet book entitled "A Diet Guide for Diabetes" on dietary management for Chinese diabetic patients;



• More than 6,000 copies (total 3 editions) have been distributed to patients in HK, Macau, China, Taipei, Sydney, and Vancouver.



• The Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, USA, has recently translated this diet book into English for the use of Chinese diabetic patients in the United States. Both Chinese and English versions of the book will be available on the Joslin Web site;



• Owing to the good response, a new version with enriched content is being published.

2. Clinical Management Manual on Type 2 Diabetes in the Western Cluster (Hong Kong Island)

• This user-friendly handbook on the management of diabetes and its related problems will be published in December 2001. This provides updated guidelines and information on diabetes management for all health professionals, public or private, within our cluster, so that optimal diabetes care, according to a common protocol, can be delivered.

3. Diabetes educational slides:

• To facilitate the provision of patient education by diabetes educators, the Centre has produced 4 modules of diabetes educational slides.



• These include: (1) What is Diabetes? (2) Dietary management in Diabetes Mellitus, (3) Foot Care for Diabetic Patients & (4) Home Monitoring for Diabetic Patients.



• This has been distributed to nearly 30 major hospitals in China in 1999 & 2000;



• Also in use in a number of HA and private hospitals in Hong Kong.

4. VCD on Diabetes & Exercise:

• To promote regular exercise to patients with diabetes mellitus, a VCD on Diabetes & Exercise was produced in 1999;



• About 500 copies have been distributed.

D) Clinical research on diabetes by centre staff since 1994

( I ). Publication in refereed journals:

1. KSL Lam, IKP Cheng, ED Janus & RWC Pang, 1995. Cholesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia; 38:604-609.
2. CB Ko, KSL Lam, MS Wat and SM Chung, 1995. Aldose reductase gene polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in NIDDM patients. Diabetes; 44:727-732.
3. PWH Lee, KSL Lam, F Lieh-Mak, KF Chung and T So, 1996. Emotional maladjustment, physical malaise and diabetic control in young Chinese patients with diabetes. Psychology, Health and Medicine; 1:119-127.
4. KSL Lam, MS Wat, RWC Pang and ED Janus, 1996. Apolipoprotein(a) levels and phenotypes in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria and albuminuria. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.; 11:2229-2236.
5. IKP Cheng, KSL Lam, ED Janus, RWC Pang, IJ Lauder, 1997. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia in NIDDM patients with progressive nephropathy. Contribution to Nephrology, 120:79-87.
6. RWC Pang, BS Chen, ED Janus and KSL Lam, 1997. Frequency distributions of plasma apolipoprotein(a) levels and phenotypes: a comparison between Southern and Northern Chinese populations. Chinese Medical Journal (English version) 110:465-473.
7. YW Chang, KSL Lam and BR Hawkins, 1998. Strong association between DQA1/DQB1 genotypes and early onset IDDM in Chinese: the association is with alleles rather than specific residues. European Journal of Immunogenetics 25:273-280
8. WQ Wang, TP Ip, KSL Lam, 1998. Changing prevalence of retinopathy in newly diagnosed NIDDM patients in Hong Kong. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 39:185-191.
9. KSL Lam, ED Janus, OCK Ma, LC Chan, C Bourke, 1998. Genetic and environmental determinants of factor VII activity in Chinese diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 41:760-6.
10. KSL Lam, SC Tiu, MW Tsang, TP Ip, SCF Tam, 1998. Acarbose in NIDDM patients with poor control on conventional oral agents: a 24-week placebo controlled study. Diabetes Care 21:1154-8.
11. NMS Wat, J Michon, KSL Lam, 1998. High prevalence of retinopathy in Type II patient with no visual complaint. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 28:459-461.
12. KCB Tan, VHG Ai, WS Chow, MT Chau, L Leong, KSL Lam 1999. Influence of LDL subfraction profile & LDL oxidation on endothelial - dependent and independent vasodilation in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrine Metab; 84:3212-3216.
13. KCB Tan, ED Janus, KSL Lam 1999. Effects of cholesterol lowering therapy on prothrombotic and fibrinolytic factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patient with dyslipidaemia. American Journal of Cardiology. 84:934-937.
14. KSL Lam, OCK Ma, NMS Wat, LC Chan, ED Janus 1999. b-fibrinogen gene G/A-455 polymorphism in relation to fibrinogen levels and ischaemin heart disease in Chinese patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetalogia. 42:1250-1253.
15. KCB Tan, BR Hawkins, IR Mackay, PZ Zimmet, KSL Lam 2000. Metabolic and immunoligic features of Chinese patients with atypical diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 23:335-338.
16. TH Lam, LJ Liu, ED Janus, KSL Lam, AJ Hedley. 2000 Fibrinogen, other cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong: a community with high prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic Medicine, 17:798-806.
17. ED Janus, NMS Wat, KSL Lam, CS Cockram, STS Siu, LJ Liu, TH Lam on behalf of the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Steering Committee, 2000. The prevalence of diabetes, association with cardiovascular risk factors and implications of diagnostic criteria (ADA 1997 and WHO 1998) in a 1996 community based population study in Hong Kong Chinese. Diabetic Medicine 17:714-715.
18. NMS Wat, TH Lam, ED Janus, KSL Lam. 2001 Central, obesity predicts the worsening of glycaemia in Southern Chinese. International Journal of Obesity (In Press).
19. YF Liu, NMS Wat, CB Ko, SSM Chung, KSL Lam. 2001 Diabetic nephropathy is associated with the 5'-end dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of the aldose reductase gene in Chinese subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine (In Press).
20. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Ai VHG, Lam KSL. Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on endothelial vasomotor function and urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes/Metabolism Research & Reviews (In Press).
21. Tan KCB, Chow WS, SCF Tam, Ai VHG, Lam C, Lam KSL. 2001 Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrine Metab (In Press).
22. MSM Ip, B Lam, MMT Ng, WK Lam, KWT Tsang, KSL Lam. 2001 Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with insulin resistance. American Journal of Critical Care & Respiratory Diseases. (In Press).
23. Tan KCB, Cooper MB, Ling KLE, Griffin B, Freeman D, Shepherd J, Packard C, Hales CN, Betteridge DJ. Fasting and postprandial determinants for the occurrence of small dense LDL species in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with and without hypertriglyceridaemia: the involvement of insulin, insulin precursor species and insulin resistance. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:273-287.
24. Cooper MB, Tan KCB, Hales CN, Betteridge DJ. Postprandial lipid metabolism and £]-cell function in non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus after a mixed meal with a high fat content. Diabetic Med 1996;13:816-827.
25. Tan KCB, Shiu SWM, Chu BYM. Roles of hepatic lipase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in determining LDL subfraction distribution in Chinese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 1999;145:273-278.
26. Tan KCB, Shiu SWM, Chu BYM. Effects of gender, hepatic lipase gene polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatic lipase activity in Chinese. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:233-239.
27. Sakura H, Wat N, Horton V, Millns H, Turner RC, Ashcroft FM. Sequence variations in the human Kir6.2 gene, a subunit of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive K-channel: no association with NIDDM in White Caucasian subject or evidence of abnormal function when expressed in vitro. Diabetologia 1996;39:1233-6.
28. Zhang Y, Wat N, Stratton IM, Warren-Perry MG, Orho M, Groop L, Turner RC UKPDS 19: heterogeneity in NIDDM: separate contributions of IRS-1 and beta 3-adrenergic-receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. UK Prospective Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 1996;39:1505-11.
29. Nelson Wat. Impaired Glucose Tolerance as a Marker for Cardiovascular Risk. The Hong Kong Medical Diary 2000;4:14-15.
30. Ernest Hung Yu Ng, Nelson Ming Sun Wat, Pak Chung Ho. Effects of metformin on ovulation rate, hormonal and metabolic profiles in women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovaries: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Human Reproduction 2001;16;1625-31.
31. Xu JY, V Chan, WY Zhang, NMS Wat, KSL Lam. Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-alpha gene in Chinese MODY families: prevalence and functional analysis. Diabetologia. 2002 in press.

( II ). Review articles

1. K.S.L. Lam, 1994. Improved outlook for diabetic nephropathy. JAMA (SEA). Special Issue (November): 3-4
2. KSL Lam, 1995. Obesity - an increasing public health problem. International Monitor on Eating Patterns and Weight Control, 4:7-8.
3. CR Kumana, KSL Lam, ED Janus, 1996. Lipid lowering drug therapy. Journal of the Hong Kong College of Cardiology, 4:90-97.
4. SP Wong, CS Cockram, ED Janus, WTK Lee, WH Leung, JRL Maserei, YT Tai, B Tomlinson, CH Cheng, TF Tse, A Kung, K Lam, CS Li, J Woo, 1996. Guide to plasma lipids and lipoproteins for Hong Kong doctors. Journal of the Hong Kong College of Cardiology, 4:81-89
5. KSL Lam, 1998. Predicting the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Dialogue 1:5-8.
6. KSL Lam, 1998. New horizons in diabetes care. Medical Progress 25:9-12
7. KSL Lam, 1999. Can aggressive control of blood glucose reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients? JAMA (SEA) 15(5):5-6.
8. GM Leung, KSL Lam, 2000. Diabetic complications and their implications on health care in Asia. Hong Kong Medical Journal 6:61-68.
9. KSL Lam, 1999. Dyslipidaemia and prothrombotic tendency in NIDDM. In: Diabetes in the New Millenium. JR Turtle, Kaneko T. & Osato S (eds); pp327-336.
10. Young RTT, Tan KCB. Future prospects in diabetes management. Medical Progress 1994;21:16
11. Tan KCB. Impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Hong Kong Medical Journal 1997;3(4):381-387.
12. Tan KCB. Clinical challenge - Diabetes. Hong Kong Practitioner 1999;21:386-387.

( III ). Abstracts presented at international meetings

1. KCB Tan, KSL Lam, MS Wat, RWC Pang, ED Janus, 1995. Cholesterol ester transfer activity is increased in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria. 77th Annual Meeting of the American Endocrine Society, Washington, June 1995, U.S.A.
2. ED Janus, OCK Ma, C Bourke and KSL Lam. Genetic polymorphisms of fibrinogen and factor VII: implications for vascular disease. 7th Southeast Asian/Western Pacific Regional Meeting of Pharmacologists, Manila, Philippines, November 1995.
3. KCB Tan, KSL Lam, SCF Tam, PZ Zimmet, IR Mackay. The immunologic and metabolic features of Chinese patients with atypical diabetes mellitus. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
4. E.D. Janus, C.S. Cockram, K.S.L. Lam and T.H. Lam. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the Hong Kong population. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
5. JCY Lam, PWH Lee, KSL Lam, F Lieh-Mak. Psychosocial correlates and outcome patterns in adolescents and young adults with diabetes mellitus. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
6. YW Chang, KSL Lam, BR Hawkins. Strong association between specific HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 allelic combinations and early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chinese. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
7. E.L.Y. Leung, T.M.Y. So, K.S.L. Lam. Factors which discourage hospital staff nurses from providing diabetes education to hospitalised patients. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
8. WQ Wang, TP Ip, KSL Lam. High prevalence of retinopathy in newly diagnosed NIDDM patients in Hong Kong. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
9. TMY So, LN Jorgensen, KSL Lam, CS Cockram, KO Cheung, IT Lau, KW Lo, SC Siu, SC Tiu, MW Tsang. An open multicentre study evaluating the use of NovopenR3 for insulin requiring diabetic patients. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
10. H.F. Yam, T.M.Y. So, K.S.L. Lam. Study to define the normal range of vibration perception threshold for diabetic patients. 3rd IDF-WPR Congresss, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
11. RWC Pang, KSL Lam, MS Wat, ED Janus. Plasma apolipoprotein(a) levels and phenotypes in NIDDM patients with various stages of diabetic nephropathy. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
12. KY Li, KSL Lam. Short-term response to dietary counselling in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia. 3rd IDF-WPR Congress, Sept 1996, Hong Kong.
13. KSL Lam, ED Janus, OCK Ma and C Bourke. Genetic and environmental determinents of factor VII activity in Hong Kong Chinese diabetic patients. 16th IDF Congress, July, 1997, Helsinki, Finland .
14. NMS Wat, J Michon, KSL Lam. Predictive factors for the presence of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese NIDDM patients. 16th IDF Congress, July 1997, Helsinki, Finland (accepted).
15. KCB Tan, SWM Shiu, KSL Lam. Cholesterolester transfer protein gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with NIDDM. 16th IDF Congress, July 1997, Helsinki, Finland .
16. KCB Tan, ED Janus, KSL Lam. Favourable effects of cholecterol - lowering therapy on blood coagubction and fibrinolysis in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with dyslipidaemia. 1st Congress of the Asia - Pacific Atherosclrosis Society, March 1998, Taipei.
17. KCB Tan, VHG Ai, WS Chow, MT Chan, L Leong, KSL Lam. Endothelial dysfunction and LDL oxidation in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 70th European Atherosclerosis Society Meeting, Sept. 1998, Switzerland.
18. NMS Wat, SCW Cheung, MT Chan, KSL Lam. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and early carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese NIDDM patients. 34th Annual Meeting of European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Sept 1998, Spain.
19. Zhang M, Wat NMS, Janus ED, SSM Chung and KSL Lam. The b-cell gluokinase gene promotor G-A variant is associated with higher fasting glucose levels. 34th Annual Meeting of European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Sept 1998, Spain.
20. KSL Lam, NMS Wat, BSH Lam and ED Janus. Genetic and environmental determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 activity in Chinese diabetic patients. 34th Annual Meeting of European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Sept 1998, Spain.
21. NMS Wat, ED Janus, TH Lam, KSL Lam. Comparison of 1997 ADA and 1998 WHO criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and glucose intolerance in Chinese. 59th American Diabetes Association Meeting, San Diego, USA, June 1999.
22. PT Cheung, LCK Low, BR Hawkins, KCB Tan, WYW Kwan, KSL Lam, V Chan. Genetic predisposition to IDDM at the insulin-gene linked polymorphin region, IDDM, is different between Chinese and Caucasians. 81st Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Diego, USA, June 1999.
23. ED Janus and KSL Lam. b-Fibrogen gene G/A-455 polymorphism, fibrinogen levels and ischaemic heart disease in Hong Kong Chinese no insulin dependent diabetic patients. 4th International Diabetes Federation Western Pacific Region Congress, Australia, Aug, 1999.
24. KSL Lam. Lipid lowering therapy. 4th International Diabetes Federation Western Pacific Region Congress, Australia, Aug, 1999.
25. KSL Lam. The genetic contribution to diabetic complications. 4th International Diabetes Federation Western Pacific Region Congress, Australia, Aug, 1999.
26. M Zhang, NMS Wat, ED Janus, SSM Chung, KSL Lam. The -258 G-A variant of the glucokinase gene hepatic promotor is associated with higher insulin sensitivity. 35th Annual Meeting of the EASD, Belgium, Sept, 1999.
27. YF Liu, SSM Chung, KSL Lam. Z-2 microsatellite allele of aldose reductase gene is associated with diabetic nephropathy in southern Chinese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology, Beijing, China, Oct 1999.
28. M Zhang, MS Wat, KSL Lam. The -258 G-A variant of the glucokinase gene hepatic promoter is associated with higher insulin sensitivity in Chinese. International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology, Beijing, China, Oct 1999.
29. MS Wat, PWH Lee, KSL Lam. Prevalence of erectile disorder among Chinese men with Type II diabetes mellitus. International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology, Beijing, China, Oct 1999.
30. WS Chow, KCB Tan, VHG Ai, MT Chau, L Leong, KSL Lam. Vasomotor function in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Toronto, Canada, June, 2000.
31. NMS Wat, TH Lam, ED Janus, KSL Lam. Central, but not overall, obesity predicts the worsening of glycaemia in southern Chinese. 36th Annual Meeting of the EASD Jerusalem, Israel, September 2000.
32. KCB Tan, WS Chow, VHG Ai, C Metz, R Bucala, KSL Lam. Serum advanced glycation end products and carotid intima-media thickness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 11th International Congress of Endocrinology, Sydney, October 2000.
33. NMS Wat, KK Lee, TH Lam, ED Janus, KSL Lam. Contribution of obesity ot cardiovascular risk factors in southern Chinese - relevance of the new Asian criteria for obesity. 11th International Congress of Endocrinology, Sydney, October 2000.
34. M Zhang, NMS Wat, AWK Tso, SSM Chung, KSL Lam. Are promoter variants of the glucokinase gene predictive of the development of diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance? 17th International Diabetes Federation Congress Mexico City, November 2000.
35. YF Liu, NMS Wat, SSM Chung, KSL Lam. Diabetic nephropathy is associated with the Z-2 microstatellite allele of the aldose reductase gene in Chinese subjects with Type 2 diabetes. 17th International Diabetes Federation Congress Mexico City, November 2000.
36. MSM Ip, B Lam, MMT Ng, WK Lam, KWT Tsang, KSL Lam. Hyperinsulinaemia in obstructive sleep apnoea. ATS 2001, San Francisco, May 2001.
37. KCB Tan, AWK Tso, SCF Tam, RWC Pang, KSL Lam. Acute effect of orlistat on postprandial lipaemia in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. 72nd EAS Congress, Glasgow, May 2001.
38. NMS Wat, ED Janus, TH Lam, KSL Lam. Obesity in relation to the prevalence and incidence of hypertension in southern Chinese. 5th European Congress of Endocrinology, Turin, June, 2001.
39. KCB Tan, WS Chow, K O, V Ai, KSL Lam. Hyperhomocysteinaemia on endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 5th European Congress of Endocrinology, Turin, June, 2001.
40. NMS Wat, ED Janus, TH Lam, AWK Tso, KSL Lam. Obesity in relation to the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in southern Chinese: implications of the proposed asian criteria. 61st American Diabetes Association meeting, Philadelphia, USA, June 2001.
41. JY Xu, VNY Chan, WY Zhang, KSL Lam. High frequency of mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1aGene in Chinese subjects with familial early-onset type 2 diabetes: identification and functional analysis. 61st American Diabetes Association meeting, Philadelphia, USA, June 2001.
42. Tan KCB, Cooper MB, Ling KLE, Griffin B, Shepherd J, Packard C, Hales CN, Betteridge DJ. Small dense LDL in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and its relationships to postprandial lipaemia and insulin resistance. Asian Pacific Congress in Lipid Risk Factor Control, Jan 1994, Hong Kong.
43. Cooper MB, Tan KCB, Ling KLE, Griffin B, Shepherd J, Packard C, Hales CN, Betteridge DJ. LDL subfractions and postprandial lipaemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; relationship to insulin, insulin precursors and insulin resistance. Diabetic Med 1994;11(suppl 1):14.
44. Tan KCB, Lam K, Copper MB, Betteridge DJ. Insulin resistance is associated with abnormal postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in NIDDM. Joint Scientific Meeting, Hong Kong College of Physicians and Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, October 1994, Hong Kong.
45. Cooper MB, Tan KCB, Betteridge DJ. Fasting and postprandial HDL lipid composition in NIDDM. British Hyperlipidaemia Association Annual Conference, July 1995, Manchester.
46. Cooper MB, Tan KCB, Hales CN, Betteridge DJ. Postprandial £]-cell secretion of insulin precursors in NIDDM in response to a mixed meal with a high fat content. Diabetologia 1995;38(suppl 1):A113.
47. Tan KCB, Shiu SWM. LDL heterogeneity in Chinese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 3rd International Diabetes Federation Western Pacific Regional Congress, September 1996, Hong Kong.
48. Huang M, Leung SWS, Li JP, Tan KCB, Man RYK. Effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein from diabetic patients on endothelial relaxation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1997;29:A181
49. Tan KCB, Janus ED, Lam KSL. Effects of fluvastatin on prothrombotic and fibrinolytic factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with dyslipidaemia. The 1st Congress of the Asian-Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease, Taipei, March 1998
50. Ai VHG, Tan KCB, Chow WS, Chau MT, Lam KSL, Leong L. Sonographic detection of endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without macrovascular complications. Joint Scientific Meeting of the Chinese Society of Radiology and the Hong Kong College of Radiologists, Zhuhai, May 1998.
51. Tan KCB, Shiu SWM. Hepatic lipase and LDL subfraction distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The 4th International Diabetes federation Western Pacific Region Congress. Sydney, August 1999
52. Tan KCB, Ai VHG, Chow WS, Chau MT, Leong L, Lam KSL. LDL subfraction pattern and vasomotor function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology, Beijing, October 1999.
53. Tan KCB, SWM Shiu and BYM Chu. Effect of hepatic lipase gene polymorphism on hepatic lipase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The 36th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Jerusalem September 2000
54. Tan KCB, Shiu SWM. Susceptibility of VLDL subfractions to oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their effects on vascular cell adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. The 72nd European Atherosclerosis Society Congress. Glasgow May 2001. Atherosclerosis 2001;2:139
55. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Ai VHG, Lam KSL. Effects of losartan on urinary albumin excretion and endothelial vasomotor function in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. 37th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Glasgow, September 2001. Diabetologia 2001;44(S1):A276
56. Chen SPL, Tan KCB, Lam KSL. Influences of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene polymorphism on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Southern Chinese. 2nd International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology. Hong Kong December, 2001.
57. Chow WS, Tan KCB, Tam SCF, Ai VHG, Lam CHL, Lam KSL. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2nd International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology. Hong Kong December, 2001.
58. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Tam SCF, Ai VHG, Lam CHL, Lam KSL. Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2nd International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology. Hong Kong December, 2001.
59. NMS Wat, TH Lam, ED Janus, KSL Lam. Environmental Factors and Genetic Influence of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension Among Southern Chinese. 2nd International Huaxia Congress of Endocrinology, 2001 (Hong Kong SAR, China)
    

Last Modified: 07-May-2002